If you’re looking to slice, dice, and chop like a pro, check out the eight best food processors of 2024. These versatile appliances, like the Ninja NF705BRN and KitchenAid models, come with powerful motors, multiple functions, and user-friendly features. You’ll find options with various bowl capacities, perfect for small tasks or large batch cooking. Many parts are dishwasher safe, making cleanup a breeze. Whether you’re a beginner or a seasoned chef, there’s something for everyone. Discover which food processor suits your culinary needs and transforms your meal prep game. The details ahead will guide you further!
Ninja NF705BRN Professional XL Food Processor
- OUR MOST POWERFUL & VERSATILE KITCHEN FOOD PROCESSOR: 1200-peak-watt motor powers through tough ingredients, evenly mixes doughs, and chops with ease (based on average selling price and rated wattage).
- FAMILY-SIZED CAPACITY: The 12-cup processing bowl is extra-large and perfect for families and for entertaining guests.
- 4 VERSATILE PROGRAMS: Remove the guesswork with 4 Auto-iQ preset programs.
- SAFE STORAGE: Safely store discs and blades in the included storage box.
- NINJA BLADE TECHNOLOGY: Uniform processing and evenly mixed dough.
The Ninja NF705BRN Professional XL Food Processor is an excellent choice for families and avid cooks who want to streamline their meal prep. With a powerful 1200 peak-watt motor, it tackles tough ingredients effortlessly. The spacious 12-cup processing bowl is perfect for preparing large meals or entertaining guests. You’ll love the four Auto-iQ preset programs that simplify your cooking tasks. Plus, its variable slice settings let you customize thickness from thick to paper-thin. Designed for convenience, it features an XL feed chute and a storage box for your discs and blades. The sturdy construction, sharp blades, and suction cups guarantee stability and durability, making cleanup easy with dishwasher-safe parts. This food processor is truly a powerhouse in any kitchen.
Best For: Families and frequent cooks looking for a powerful and spacious food processor to simplify meal prep.
Pros:
- Powerful 1200 peak-watt motor efficiently handles tough ingredients.
- Large 12-cup processing bowl accommodates meals for families and gatherings.
- Dishwasher-safe parts make cleanup quick and easy.
Cons:
- Bulky design may not be suitable for small kitchens.
- May be excessive for individuals or infrequent cooks.
- Suction cups, while helpful, may require extra effort to release after use.
Hamilton Beach Food Processor & Vegetable Chopper (70730)
- BUILT-IN BOWL SCRAPER SAVES TIME: Quickly process ingredients without stopping to use a spatula. Simply move the scraper from side-to-side to scrape the bowl while the food processor is running or the power is off — no need to remove the lid.
- SLICE, SHRED, CHOP, MIX AND PUREE WITH 2 VERSATILE ATTACHMENTS : The Hamilton Beach food processor gives you 5 processing functions and includes a stainless steel slicing/shredding disc and chopping/pureeing blade so you can tackle every job with ease.
- POWERFUL 450 WATT MOTOR: Make healthy salads, homemade salsa, hearty acai bowls and more. The 450 watt motor easily powers through the toughest ingredients, so you can spend less time processing and more time enjoying.
- PRECISE CONTROL WITH 2 SPEEDS PLUS PULSE: The low and high speeds plus pulse give you the control you need for a variety of recipes. Use the high speed when you need more power and select the low speed for processing or mixing delicate foods.
- 10 CUP BOWL CAPACITY: The generous 10 cup bowl fits large volumes of food all at once. The large feed chute saves you time by reducing the need to pre-cut food before processing or using as a vegetable chopper.
Looking for a versatile kitchen companion that simplifies meal prep? The Hamilton Beach Food Processor & Vegetable Chopper (70730) is your go-to solution. With a 10-cup capacity and a powerful 450-watt motor, it effortlessly slices, shreds, chops, mixes, and purees. You’ll appreciate the two-speed settings and pulse function for precise control, plus the built-in bowl scraper that saves you time by keeping the sides clean.
Designed for ease of use, the large feed chute means less pre-cutting, and all removable parts are dishwasher-safe for quick cleanup. This model is perfect for everything from salads to cookie dough, making it a valuable addition to your kitchen. Plus, it comes with a 1-year limited warranty for peace of mind.
Best For: Home chefs and small families looking for a versatile kitchen tool that streamlines meal preparation.
Pros:
- Powerful 450-watt motor handles tough ingredients with ease.
- User-friendly design with dishwasher-safe parts simplifies cleaning and maintenance.
- Versatile functionality allows for a wide range of recipes, from salads to dough mixing.
Cons:
- Learning curve may be required to master the different attachments and speed settings.
- Size may be cumbersome for very small kitchens or limited storage spaces.
- Noise level could be higher than some users prefer during operation.
Hamilton Beach Stack & Snap Food Processor (70725A)
- STACK AND SNAP TECHNOLOGY FOR EASY ASSEMBLY: With this well-designed food processor, you can skip frustrating, awkward assembly. Stack & Snap technology provides easy assembly and removes the need for difficult twist-locking.
- 12 CUP SEALED BOWL: Most food processors are too small for large processing jobs. This 12 cup sealed bowl fits large volumes of food all at once, and since it's sealed in the center, there's no messy leaks or spills to clean up after processing.
- BIG MOUTH CHUTE: Fit a whole potato or tomato right into the chute. The Big Mouth chute of this Hamilton Beach food processor saves prep time by reducing the need to pre-cut food before processing.
- SLICE, SHRED, CHOP, MIX AND PUREE WITH 2 VERSATILE ATTACHMENTS: This large food processor and vegetable chopper includes a chopping/pureeing blade and reversible stainless steel slicing/shredding disc so you can tackle every job with ease.
- QUICKLY POWERS THROUGH TOUGH INGREDIENTS WITH 450 WATT MOTOR: Shred cheese and potatoes, slice cucumbers and tomatoes, chop onions and herbs. As you process, the suction cup feet prevent sliding for greater stability on the countertop.
With its innovative Stack & Snap Technology, the Hamilton Beach Stack & Snap Food Processor (70725A) is an ideal choice for home cooks seeking simplicity and efficiency in meal prep. This 12-cup food processor features a powerful 450-watt motor and a big mouth chute that easily accommodates whole foods, cutting down your prep time considerably. The versatile attachments include a chopping/pureeing blade and a reversible slicing/shredding disc, perfect for tackling various tasks. Plus, the suction cup feet keep it stable during use. Cleanup is a breeze since all removable parts are dishwasher safe. While some users have reported concerns about durability, especially with the plastic components, the overall performance for chopping, slicing, and pureeing is commendable.
Best For: Home cooks looking for a user-friendly and efficient food processor to simplify meal preparation.
Pros:
- Stack & Snap Technology makes assembly quick and easy without the need for twisting or locking.
- The Big Mouth Chute allows for processing whole foods, significantly reducing prep time.
- All removable parts are dishwasher safe, ensuring easy cleanup after use.
Cons:
- Concerns about the durability of plastic components, particularly the lid lock.
- Some users find they need to process ingredients separately to achieve the desired consistency.
- Replacement parts can be costly and difficult to obtain if needed.
KitchenAid KFC3516IC 3.5 Cup Food Chopper, Ice Blue
- Convenient 3.5 cup work bowl features a locking blade, handle and pour spout for easy serving,and dishwasher-safe for quick clean up
- With its small, countertop friendly footprint and simple cord wrap, its easy to store, neatly tucking away when you're finished prepping
- 2 speeds and pulse for coarse or fine results for anything from chunky pico de gallo and salsa, to a creamy hummus, smooth sauce or tasty dressing
- Easily incorporate liquid ingredients for sauces and dressings while processing with the drizzle basin
- Precisely chop or puree with the stainless steel multi-purpose blade that locks in place for convenient pouring
For anyone seeking a reliable and compact solution to everyday meal prep, the KitchenAid KFC3516IC 3.5 Cup Food Chopper in Ice Blue stands out with its efficient design and versatile capabilities. This lightweight chopper features a 3.5-cup work bowl with a locking blade, handle, and pour spout for easy use. With two speeds and a pulse option, you can achieve both coarse and fine chopping effortlessly. The stainless steel blade guarantees precise chopping and pureeing, while the drizzle basin allows for easy incorporation of liquids into your sauces. Plus, it’s dishwasher-safe, making cleanup a breeze. Ideal for tasks like mincing herbs or making baby food, it’s the perfect compact alternative to larger food processors.
Best For: Individuals looking for a compact and efficient food chopper for everyday meal prep tasks.
Pros:
- Compact design allows for easy storage and handling in smaller kitchens.
- Versatile functionality suitable for chopping, pureeing, and making sauces or baby food.
- Dishwasher-safe parts make cleanup quick and hassle-free.
Cons:
- Some users report difficulty removing the lid, which can be confusing.
- Minimal motor noise may not be ideal for those expecting a more powerful sound.
- Limited capacity of 3.5 cups may not meet the needs of larger meal preparations.
KitchenAid KFP0718CU Food Processor, 7 Cup, Contour Silver
- All-in-one storage solution stores all blades and discs directly in the bowl
- Snap-and-go, easy-clean work bowl with a twist-free, one-click bowl assembly and latched lid; Add warm water and 1-2 drops of dish soap in the leak-resistant bowl to quickly clean bowl and blades
- Chop, shred, slice and puree everything from fresh veggies to cheeses, sauces, salsa and so much more with the included multi-purpose blade and reversible slice/shred disc
- Reduce prep time with the 2-in-1 feed tube and process a variety of ingredient shapes and sizes - tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes and more
- Simple controls with 3 speeds (High, Low and Pulse) to handle a variety of ingredients with precision. The easy-press paddles and illuminated LED controls make operation simple
The KitchenAid KFP0718CU Food Processor is perfect for home cooks who value efficiency and versatility in their kitchen tools. With a 7-cup work bowl and a compact design, it’s easy to lift and clean. The all-in-one storage solution keeps blades and discs organized, eliminating the risk of cuts. You’ll appreciate the 2-in-1 feed tube that accommodates various ingredient shapes and the simple controls offering three speeds: High, Low, and Pulse. Its quiet operation and sharp blades guarantee efficient chopping, shredding, and pureeing. Users love the ease of assembly and quick cleanup, while KitchenAid’s reliable customer service adds peace of mind. This food processor is a great investment for enhancing your meal prep experience.
Best For: Home cooks seeking an efficient and versatile food processor for meal prep.
Pros:
- Compact and lightweight design for easy lifting and cleaning.
- All-in-one storage solution for blades and discs, reducing the risk of cuts.
- Quiet operation with sharp blades that efficiently chop, shred, and puree.
Cons:
- Some users noted the need to ensure the lid is properly latched for operation.
- Limited capacity may not be suitable for larger food prep tasks.
- Requires immediate washing after use to maintain cleanliness and performance.
Ninja Mega Kitchen System Blender and Food Processor (BL770AMZ)
- POWERFUL MOTOR: 1500-watt motor base to power through ingredients whether your blending or food processing.
- BLENDING PITCHER: 72 oz. Total Crushing Pitcher pulverizes ice to snow in seconds for creamy frozen drinks and smoothies. 64 oz. max liquid capacity
- FOOD PROCESSOR BOWL: 8-Cup Food Processor Bowl provides perfect, even chopping and makes up to 2 lbs. of dough in 30 seconds.
- TO-GO CUP: 16 oz. Nutri Ninja Cup with To-Go Lid is perfect for creating personalized juices and smoothies to take on the go.
- DOUGH BLADE INCLUDED: Use the Dough Blade to mix up doughs and the Chopping Blade to process ingredients for recipes.
If you’re looking for a powerful kitchen ally that streamlines meal prep and enhances your blending experience, the Ninja Mega Kitchen System Blender and Food Processor (BL770AMZ) is designed just for you. With its robust 1500-watt motor, this system tackles smoothies, dough mixing, and frozen drinks effortlessly. The 72 oz. Total Crushing Pitcher and 8-Cup Food Processor Bowl allow you to prepare large batches quickly, while the included Nutri Ninja Cup offers on-the-go convenience. Its user-friendly controls make switching between attachments a breeze. Although it operates at a higher noise level, the efficiency and performance you gain are well worth it. Plus, cleanup is easy with dishwasher-safe components, making this versatile tool a must-have in your kitchen.
Best For: Those seeking a versatile, high-performance kitchen appliance that can efficiently blend, process, and prepare a variety of foods and drinks.
Pros:
- Versatile functionality: Handles smoothies, food processing, dough mixing, and frozen drinks with ease.
- Large capacity: The 72 oz. pitcher and 8-cup food processor bowl are ideal for preparing large batches.
- Easy cleanup: Components are dishwasher safe, saving time on cleanup.
Cons:
- High noise level: Operates louder than some users may prefer.
- Weight: The powerful motor and design make it heavier, which may be cumbersome for some.
- Voltage compatibility: May require careful consideration for international users due to voltage differences (110V vs 220V).
GANIZA Electric Food Processor with Meat Grinder & Vegetable Chopper
- 【Indispensable Kitchen Helper】GANIZA BPA-FREE food processor features 2 sets of blades and paired bowls (8-Cup glass bowl and 8-Cup stainless steel bowl). Easily chop meat, fish, vegetables, nuts, frozen fruit, or make a salad, guacamole, etc, the food chopper is ideal for multiple kitchen tasks!
- 【Efficient Motor & Safety Insurance】The Full-copper motor supports a 3 times longer service life than regular motors. Adopting patented automatic stopping design to protect your family and child, and blades are spring-loaded and stop rotating immediately once you pop the motor out of the way.
- 【Please Note】Ganiza food processor is equipped with an overheating protection system. If the machine stops working, please wait a few minutes for the machine to cool down before starting it. Overheating protection system is built to ensure quality & lifetime, and also makes the food processor safe.
- 【Unlock Versatility with Two Bowls】Your food hygiene, we care. The Mixing Bowls are made from different materials (glass and sus 304 stainless steel) to avoid confusion between bowls for different uses, meat chopper and vegetable chopper, food processor.
- 【2 Speed - Great Time Saver】450 watts motor certified for professional use combined with upgraded two levels of "S" stainless steel blades, a few seconds is enough to turn any vegetable or meat into tiny bits. 2 cutting speeds to meet different needs of foods or texture.
Versatile and efficient, the GANIZA Electric Food Processor with Meat Grinder & Vegetable Chopper is perfect for home cooks who want to streamline meal prep without sacrificing quality. With its dual 8-cup bowls and bi-level blades, you can easily chop meat, fish, vegetables, and even whip up guacamole in no time. The powerful 450W motor guarantees durability, while the overheating protection keeps safety a top priority. You’ll appreciate the two-speed settings, allowing you to customize food textures while minimizing cross-contamination with separate bowls. Users rave about its ease of use and maintenance, thanks to removable components and a non-slip base that keeps it stable. Overall, it’s a reliable tool that enhances your kitchen experience.
Best For: Home cooks looking for a versatile and efficient food processor to simplify meal preparation and enhance cooking quality.
Pros:
- Powerful 450W motor ensures durability and efficient processing of various ingredients.
- Two separate bowls for meat and vegetables help minimize cross-contamination, promoting food hygiene.
- User-friendly design with removable parts makes cleaning and maintenance straightforward.
Cons:
- Some users may find the size of the bowls to be limited for larger meal preparations.
- The two-speed settings might not be sufficient for all desired food textures.
- Initial setup may require some time to familiarize with the operation and safety features.
Hamilton Beach Electric Vegetable Chopper & Mini Food Processor (72850)
- Simply stack and press to chop: The patented stack & press design makes it easy to assemble and use. Simply press the lid to chop and release to stop. Since all you do is stack the lid on top of the bowl, no difficult twist-locking is needed.
- Perfect size for everyday use: Chop and mix up to 3 cups of ingredients every day of the week with this 3 cup chopper. It's the perfect size for everyday use, yet small enough for easy storage.
- Easily chop, puree and emulsify with stainless steel blades: Durable stainless steel blades make easy work of a multitude of ingredients including onions, carrots and nuts. Oil dispenser on lid makes it easy to emulsify dressings, dips and sauces.
- Easy to clean: The bowl, lid and removable blades of the Hamilton Beach chopper are all dishwasher safe.
- Power through tough ingredients: This small food chopper has a 350 watt motor to provide all the power you need to prepare all types of food including onions, nuts, herbs, hummus, dressings and homemade baby food.
For anyone seeking a compact and efficient kitchen companion, the Hamilton Beach Electric Vegetable Chopper & Mini Food Processor (72850) stands out with its patented stack & press design. Weighing just three cups and powered by a 350-watt motor, it easily dicing, minces, and purees vegetables, making meal prep a breeze. Just press the lid to chop and release to stop—it’s that simple. The stainless steel blades handle tough ingredients like onions and nuts with ease. Plus, cleanup is hassle-free since the bowl, lid, and removable blades are dishwasher safe. With its space-saving design and quiet operation, this chopper is perfect for quick meals for one or two people, making it an invaluable tool in any kitchen.
Best For: Those looking for a compact, efficient kitchen tool ideal for quick meal prep for one or two people.
Pros:
- Easy to use with a simple stack & press design for effortless chopping and mincing.
- Dishwasher safe components make cleanup quick and convenient.
- Powerful motor effectively handles tough ingredients like onions, nuts, and herbs.
Cons:
- Some users report concerns about build quality over time.
- May not be as effective for processing larger quantities of ingredients.
- Limited capacity might not suit larger meal preparations.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Food Processors
When choosing a food processor, you need to contemplate several key factors. Motor power and bowl size can greatly impact your cooking efficiency, while versatility guarantees you get the most out of your investment. Don’t forget to take into account ease of cleaning and the overall design, as these elements can affect your daily use and enjoyment.
Motor Power and Performance
Choosing the right motor power for your food processor can greatly impact your cooking experience. Typically, motor power ranges from 350 to 1500 watts. Higher wattage means better performance, especially for tough ingredients and larger batches. If you often tackle heavy-duty tasks like kneading dough or chopping hard vegetables, look for a peak-watt motor rated at 1200 watts or higher.
Variable speed settings can also enhance your control over processing, allowing you to achieve the desired textures in various recipes. A robust motor is essential for consistency, ensuring that your ingredients are chopped, sliced, or pureed uniformly without overheating. This consistency is key to successful cooking.
Moreover, models with higher wattage motors tend to process food faster, considerably reducing your meal prep time. If you’re short on time or frequently prepare large meals, investing in a powerful food processor can make a noticeable difference. Remember, the right motor power not only improves efficiency but also elevates the quality of your dishes, making your cooking experience more enjoyable. So, consider your cooking needs carefully when selecting the motor power of your new food processor.
Bowl Capacity and Size
Bowl capacity and size play a crucial role in how effectively a food processor meets your cooking needs. Food processors typically range from 3.5 cups to 12 cups, catering to different meal prep requirements and household sizes. If you often cook for a family or entertain guests, opting for a larger bowl with a 12-cup capacity can be a game changer. These models allow you to batch process ingredients, saving you time and effort.
On the other hand, if you usually prepare quick meals or single servings, smaller bowls (3.5 to 7 cups) are more suitable. They’re perfect for limited kitchen spaces and easy to store. Additionally, consider the size of the feed chute, as it often correlates with bowl capacity. Larger bowls usually come with wider chutes, accommodating whole foods and reducing prep time.
When selecting a bowl capacity, think about your typical cooking volume and the size of your recipes. Choosing the right capacity guarantees efficient meal preparation, allowing you to focus on creating delicious dishes rather than getting bogged down by prep work.
Versatility and Functionality
Maximizing your cooking efficiency hinges on a food processor’s versatility and functionality. When you choose a food processor, consider its range of functions. Look for models that can chop, slice, shred, puree, and knead dough, enabling you to tackle a variety of recipes with ease. Multiple speed settings and pulse options are essential, giving you precise control over food texture—from coarse chopping to fine pureeing.
Interchangeable attachments, such as shredding discs and different blades, increase adaptability and reduce the need for multiple kitchen gadgets. This means less clutter and more efficiency in your cooking space. Additionally, a larger processing bowl capacity, ranging from 3 to 12 cups, allows you to prepare both small and large batches, catering to different cooking needs and family sizes.
Don’t overlook built-in features like bowl scrapers or automatic stopping mechanisms. These elements can enhance efficiency and safety during operation, making your food processor not only easier to use but also more reliable. Ultimately, a versatile and functional food processor becomes an indispensable tool in your kitchen, streamlining your meal prep and elevating your culinary experience.
Ease of Cleaning
A versatile food processor can greatly enhance your cooking experience, but it’s equally important to contemplate how easy it is to clean. When choosing a food processor, look for models with dishwasher-safe removable parts. This feature can simplify your cleaning process and save you valuable time after meal prep.
You’ll also want to take into account designs with fewer nooks and crannies, as these areas can trap food particles, making cleaning more cumbersome. Easy-release mechanisms for blades and bowls are essential, too; they allow for quick disassembly and thorough cleaning without hassle.
Opt for processors featuring non-stick surfaces or BPA-free materials, which are easier to wipe down and maintain hygiene. Finally, a compact design with features like hideaway cords can help reduce countertop clutter, making it easier to clean around the appliance itself. By keeping these factors in mind, you’ll find a food processor that not only meets your cooking needs but also makes cleanup a breeze, so you can spend more time enjoying your meals and less time scrubbing away after cooking.
Design and Build Quality
When selecting a food processor, design and build quality are essential for ensuring not only efficiency but also a seamless cooking experience. Look for models that prioritize ease of assembly; features like stack and snap technology can simplify setup without the hassle of twisting or locking components.
Build quality matters too. A professional-grade construction using durable materials guarantees longevity and effective performance, especially during heavy use. You want a unit that stands the test of time and can handle your culinary demands.
Another key feature is suction cup feet. These enhance stability during operation, preventing the processor from sliding around on your countertop. This stability allows you to focus on prepping your ingredients without worrying about the processor moving out of place.
Additionally, consider models with dishwasher-safe parts. This feature makes cleanup a breeze, encouraging you to use your food processor regularly. Finally, a compact design can greatly improve storage convenience, particularly if you’re short on space, while still providing ample capacity for meal prep. By keeping these factors in mind, you can choose a food processor that fits your kitchen and lifestyle perfectly.
Safety Features
Safety should always be a top priority when choosing a food processor. Look for models that come equipped with essential safety features, like overheating protection and automatic shut-off mechanisms. These can help prevent accidents during operation, ensuring a safer cooking experience.
Many food processors also have spring-loaded blades that stop rotating when the motor disengages, which enhances user safety while you prepare your meals. It’s essential to choose a processor with a sturdy base and non-slip feet to prevent any sliding during use, as this stability is important for safe operation.
Additionally, opt for designs that boast simple assembly and use. Complicated setups can lead to improper usage, increasing potential hazards. Finally, consider processors that have dishwasher-safe parts. This feature makes cleaning easier and reduces the risk of injuries associated with washing sharp blades and components by hand.
Price and Warranty Options
Choosing the right food processor involves more than just considering safety features; price and warranty options also play a notable role. When you’re shopping, you’ll notice a wide price range—from budget-friendly models to high-end appliances. This variation often affects features and build quality, so it’s vital to find one that fits your needs without overspending on unnecessary extras.
Next, evaluate the warranty options. A longer warranty period can offer you peace of mind about the durability and reliability of your appliance. While some food processors come with a one-year limited warranty, others might provide extended coverage, which is important for protecting your investment.
Don’t forget to compare the upfront costs with potential customer service and support during the warranty period. This aspect can greatly impact your long-term satisfaction with the product. Finally, analyze the price-to-feature ratio carefully. This approach helps you choose a food processor that meets your culinary needs while ensuring you get the best value for your money. By considering both price and warranty, you’ll make a more informed decision that aligns with your cooking habits.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can Food Processors Chop Frozen Vegetables Effectively?
Yes, food processors can chop frozen vegetables effectively. They’re designed to handle tough textures, so just make sure you don’t overload the bowl. Pulse a few times for best results, and you’ll get perfectly chopped veggies!
How Do I Clean a Food Processor Properly?
To clean your food processor properly, disassemble all parts, wash them in warm, soapy water, and scrub the blades carefully. Rinse thoroughly, then wipe the base with a damp cloth. Let everything dry completely before reassembling.
Are Food Processors Dishwasher Safe?
Most food processors aren’t entirely dishwasher safe. You can usually wash the bowl and lid in the dishwasher, but check the manufacturer’s guidelines. The motor base should always be wiped clean with a damp cloth.
What Is the Difference Between a Food Processor and a Blender?
A food processor chops, slices, and grates, making it great for preparing ingredients. A blender, on the other hand, purees and mixes liquids, perfect for smoothies and soups. Each tool serves unique culinary purposes.
Can I Use a Food Processor for Kneading Dough?
Yes, you can use a food processor for kneading dough. Just combine your ingredients and pulse until the dough forms. It saves time and effort, making it a great alternative to traditional kneading methods.